{"id":7054,"date":"2015-11-25T14:34:22","date_gmt":"2015-11-25T14:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/news.truthjuice.co.uk\/index.php\/why-does-culture-sometimes-evolve-via-sudden-bursts-of-innovation\/"},"modified":"2016-01-11T23:08:34","modified_gmt":"2016-01-11T23:08:34","slug":"why-does-culture-sometimes-evolve-via-sudden-bursts-of-innovation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/news.truthjuice.co.uk\/index.php\/why-does-culture-sometimes-evolve-via-sudden-bursts-of-innovation\/","title":{"rendered":"Why does culture sometimes evolve via sudden bursts of innovation?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Human beings inherit many genetic traits directly from their parents. However, cultural traits \u2013 tools, beliefs and behaviors that are transmitted by learning \u2013 can be passed on not only by parents but also teachers and peers. Many animals have learned behaviors, but people are uniquely good at building on existing knowledge to innovate further. This capacity, known as cumulative culture<\/a>, was captured by Sir Isaac Newton<\/a> when he said, \u201cIf I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n

We can see evidence of this cumulative culture in the archaeological record<\/a>; over time, there\u2019s an accelerating increase in the number of tools people use. But the archaeological record reveals another pattern, too: there\u2019s also evidence for large-scale losses<\/em> of culture. For example, archaeological excavation suggests that Aboriginal populations in Tasmania lost numerous technologies<\/a> over time, including nets, bone tools<\/a> and warm clothing, even though these tools might still have been useful.<\/p>\n

And it doesn\u2019t seem like cultural accumulation just proceeds through time at a regular pace. The archaeological record shows some evidence of large bursts of innovation occurring after relatively long periods of little change. For example, the early human archaeological record is composed primarily of stone tools for approximately two million years. Then, from about 60,000 to 30,000 years ago, archaeologists find a burst of creative activity<\/a>, such as burial sites, art forms including cave paintings and statues, and engraved bone and antler tools.<\/p>\n

The process of change in the frequency and distribution of cultural traits over time is known as cultural evolution. But what drives it? Why would the inventory of tools expand at some times and diminish at others? These are questions that have intrigued archaeologists for decades. We propose a new model we think addresses some aspects of how cultural evolution happens \u2013 and, crucially, it\u2019s based on the idea that not all innovations occur in the same way.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n

Sometimes our ancestors used the same kind of stone tools with no improvements for millennia.<\/span>
\n\u0412 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044e\u043a<\/a>, CC BY<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

Modeling how culture advances<\/h2>\n

Since it\u2019s not possible (or ethical) to experimentally manipulate large groups of people, scientists make mathematical models to try to understand how cultural traits evolve. A model of this kind is a set of rules that describe mechanisms that may underlie the process we\u2019re interested in.<\/p>\n

For example, a model of cultural evolution could use equations to describe the rate at which individuals invent new things, transmit their knowledge and learn from others. These equations would depend on a number of parameters \u2013 things like population size and the rates of invention and learning.<\/p>\n

A model can be explored analytically, by calculating what patterns the set of equations predicts, or it could be explored using computer simulations. In our research we did both.<\/p>\n

Most of the models of cultural evolution study the spread of technologies and behaviors that already exist in a population. In our recent PNAS paper, coauthored with Stanford\u2019s Marcus Feldman, we introduce a new model of cultural evolution<\/a>. What\u2019s different about our model is quite simple: we don\u2019t assume all human innovations are created in the same way.<\/p>\n

Watching our model\u2019s predictions unfold<\/h2>\n

Working with a model is kind of like playing a scientifically minded game of The Sims<\/a>. On the computer, we simulate a human population of a certain size. We set the rules for a number of interdependent innovation processes to occur at different rates. For example, inventions that can be viewed as \u201cstrokes of genius\u201d may be rare, while the invention of tools that are versions of existing ones might be more frequent.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n

Once people figure out how to fish with a net, additional improvements and combinations with existing technologies can come fast and furious.<\/span>
\nHans A Rosbach<\/a>, CC BY-SA<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

We allow new \u201clarge leaps\u201d in knowledge to occur at a certain rate per person. Once someone in the population has made one of these rare large leaps, other innovations might occur more readily. For example, the invention of a fishing net could lead to other related tools \u2013 maybe a weight to sink the net \u2013 or combinations with other tools, such as adding a pole to wield it.<\/p>\n

These different processes of innovation \u2013 lightning-bolt ideas and incremental improvements \u2013 occur at different rates. The relationships between them determine whether the accumulation of tools occurs in a stepwise pattern. If large innovative leaps are fairly common, the number of tools in the population can show smooth, accelerating growth. On the other hand, if large-leap innovations are rare, but populations readily invent related tools and frequently combine existing technologies into novel tools, then each new large leap will lead to a rapid burst of cultural innovations in a punctuated pattern.<\/p>\n

There are two other important contributors to cultural evolution that our model takes into account. The first is the differential distribution of knowledge in a population. We set our model\u2019s \u201crules\u201d so knowledge can be concentrated in a subset of the population, such as medicine-men or -women. When knowledge is restricted to a small group, there\u2019s more risk that it may be lost<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Second, our model considers the impact of environmental change. Tools can be lost following a change in environment \u2013 think of a climate becoming warmer or cooler \u2013 or migration to a new place where existing tools aren\u2019t particularly useful. Our model keeps track of the environments in which every tool is useful \u2013 a fishing net won\u2019t be as useful in the savanna, for example. Tools are more likely to be lost when they\u2019re not useful in the current environment.<\/p>\n

Real-life reasons for what the model predicts<\/h2>\n

Researchers continue to debate reasons for the sudden bursts of cultural accumulation in the archaeological record. The general consensus attributes this pattern to external events. Human beings come up with a rush of new ideas due to a change in environment (a survival challenge caused by drought, for instance) or the evolution of new cognitive capacity (brains getting bigger and more powerful).<\/p>\n

Our model demonstrates that this punctuated pattern of \u201ccultural explosions\u201d could actually be a feature of cultural evolution itself, playing a role alongside other evolutionary and environmental processes. As long as some innovations are dependent on the existence of other innovations \u2013 which is a fundamental feature of human culture \u2013 these kinds of bursts in new technology are to be expected.<\/p>\n

Our research sheds new light on cultural evolution, deepening our understanding of ancient human evolution. It also reflects how innovation could lead to future technologies that are as yet unimagined.<\/p>\n

\"The###<\/p>\n

Nicole Creanza<\/a>, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Biology, Stanford University<\/a><\/em> and Oren Kolodny<\/a>, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in Biology, Stanford University<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This article was originally published on The Conversation<\/a>. Read the original article<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The post Why does culture sometimes evolve via sudden bursts of innovation?<\/a> appeared first on h+ Media<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Human beings inherit many genetic traits directly from their parents. However, cultural traits \u2013 tools, beliefs and behaviors that are transmitted by learning \u2013 can be passed on not only by parents but also teachers and peers. Many animals have learned behaviors, but people are uniquely good at building on existing knowledge to innovate further. … <\/p>\n

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